project:technology_timeline:start
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project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/30 19:04] – [Computers, information processing and machine intelligence] bluebear | project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/30 21:12] (current) – [Computers, information processing and machine intelligence] maxfx | ||
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| 1970 | **Forth** language invented by Charles H. Moore | Forth is interesting in that it is a stack-based language. The same technique is used in much newer virtual machines (whose assembly code is similar to Forth code), like Java VM and OpenFirmware. Original Forth compiles into very tight code, optionally without need for memory heap, and was used in small microcontrollers. | | | 1970 | **Forth** language invented by Charles H. Moore | Forth is interesting in that it is a stack-based language. The same technique is used in much newer virtual machines (whose assembly code is similar to Forth code), like Java VM and OpenFirmware. Original Forth compiles into very tight code, optionally without need for memory heap, and was used in small microcontrollers. | | ||
| 1972 | **C** language invented by Dennis Ritchie | A " | | 1972 | **C** language invented by Dennis Ritchie | A " | ||
- | | 1973 | First cell phone | | + | | 1973 | First **cell phone** | |
+ | | 1982 | **Commodore 64** released | One of the iconic 8-bit home computers/ | ||
| 1983 | **C++** language invented by Bjarne Stroustrup | For many years the de-facto standard for application programming, | | 1983 | **C++** language invented by Bjarne Stroustrup | For many years the de-facto standard for application programming, | ||
| 1984 | First test models of autonomous cars at Carnegie Mellon University' | | 1984 | First test models of autonomous cars at Carnegie Mellon University' | ||
+ | | 1985 | **Commodore Amiga** released | One of iconic 16-bit home computers, one of the first that had hardware-supported multitasking. Become very popular among musicians, yielded lots of audiovisual demos. | | ||
| 1988 | Standard for data CD's (aka **CD-ROM**) produced by Sony and Phillips (aka "The Yellow Book") | In its time, CD-ROMs were the most popular storage medium for software (especially after popularization of CD writer devices) | | | 1988 | Standard for data CD's (aka **CD-ROM**) produced by Sony and Phillips (aka "The Yellow Book") | In its time, CD-ROMs were the most popular storage medium for software (especially after popularization of CD writer devices) | | ||
| 1990 | First **web browser** written at CERN; first HTML standard was made a year before by Tim Berners-Lee) | Birth of WWW | | | 1990 | First **web browser** written at CERN; first HTML standard was made a year before by Tim Berners-Lee) | Birth of WWW | | ||
| 1991 | First public post about **Linux** (that time, a small hobby OS by Linus Torvalds) | | | 1991 | First public post about **Linux** (that time, a small hobby OS by Linus Torvalds) | | ||
| 1991 | **Python** language invented by Guido van Rossum | Easy to write and understand, Python became widely used for various scripting, and very popular in science community thanks to its packages of scientific algorithms | | | 1991 | **Python** language invented by Guido van Rossum | Easy to write and understand, Python became widely used for various scripting, and very popular in science community thanks to its packages of scientific algorithms | | ||
- | | 1991 | TiVo service launched | The first on-demand over-the-network television system | | + | | 1991 | **TiVo** service launched | The first on-demand over-the-network television system | |
| 1992 | **JPEG** algorithm discovered | First lossy compression algorithm for images that got massive use and is used worldwide in 2017 for photos | | | 1992 | **JPEG** algorithm discovered | First lossy compression algorithm for images that got massive use and is used worldwide in 2017 for photos | | ||
| 1992 | Jürgen Schmidhuber proposes a solution to the vanishing gradient problem | (https:// | | 1992 | Jürgen Schmidhuber proposes a solution to the vanishing gradient problem | (https:// | ||
| 1993 | **MP3** algorithm discovered at Fraunhofer institute | Very similarly to JPEG for images, this lossy compression algorithm for sound became de-facto standard for lower-to-medium music storage | | | 1993 | **MP3** algorithm discovered at Fraunhofer institute | Very similarly to JPEG for images, this lossy compression algorithm for sound became de-facto standard for lower-to-medium music storage | | ||
+ | | 1993 | **FreeBSD** born | FreeBSD is an operating system for a variety of platforms which focuses on features, speed, and stability. It is derived from BSD, the version of UNIX® developed at the University of California, Berkeley | | ||
| 1994 | Started work on specification of Digital Versatile Disc (**DVD**) | Started by Sony and Phillips after resolving disputes between competing formats for storage, MMCD and SD. DVDs will replace CDs soon with their much greater capacity (approx. 4G against 720M) | | | 1994 | Started work on specification of Digital Versatile Disc (**DVD**) | Started by Sony and Phillips after resolving disputes between competing formats for storage, MMCD and SD. DVDs will replace CDs soon with their much greater capacity (approx. 4G against 720M) | | ||
| 1995 | **Java** language invented at Sun Microsystems by James Gosling | Java became standard for large-scale enterprise software, replacing COBOL, and for cell phone apps (first its reduced version, Java SE, modern Android phones use full-fledged Java); it started the app boom which lasts in 2017 | | | 1995 | **Java** language invented at Sun Microsystems by James Gosling | Java became standard for large-scale enterprise software, replacing COBOL, and for cell phone apps (first its reduced version, Java SE, modern Android phones use full-fledged Java); it started the app boom which lasts in 2017 | | ||
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| 2005 | **Reddit** launched | | | 2005 | **Reddit** launched | | ||
| 2007 | Apple presents the first **iPhone** | | | 2007 | Apple presents the first **iPhone** | | ||
+ | | 2007 | **Netflix** (founded 1997) starts providing streaming video | | ||
| 2008 | Apple **AppStore** launched | | | 2008 | Apple **AppStore** launched | | ||
| 2008 | OS **Android** launched for cell phones (HTC Dream) (but did not have significant popularity until 2010) | | | 2008 | OS **Android** launched for cell phones (HTC Dream) (but did not have significant popularity until 2010) | | ||
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^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ||
+ | | 1924 | First **electroencephalography (EEG)** measurements on human (by Hans Berger) | | | ||
| 1953 | Double-helix DNA structure discovered by Wattson, Crick and Franklin | Beginning of modern molecular genetics | | | 1953 | Double-helix DNA structure discovered by Wattson, Crick and Franklin | Beginning of modern molecular genetics | | ||
| 1962 | First demonstration of neurogenesis in an adult mammal brain (Joseph Altman) | Up to this discovery it was believed that neurons are never newly created in adult brain | | | 1962 | First demonstration of neurogenesis in an adult mammal brain (Joseph Altman) | Up to this discovery it was believed that neurons are never newly created in adult brain | | ||
- | | 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka CAR-T), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines | | + | | 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka **CAR-T**), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines | |
- | | 1978 | In-vitro fertilization | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails | | + | | 1978 | **In-vitro fertilization** | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails | |
- | | 1985 | PCR (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis | | + | | 1985 | **PCR** (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis | |
| 1985 | fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) first applied on a human | Used to see blood flow in various parts of the brain | | | 1985 | fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) first applied on a human | Used to see blood flow in various parts of the brain | | ||
- | | 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of CAR-T antitumor therapy. | | + | | 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of **CAR-T** antitumor therapy. |
- | | 1992 | Functional | + | | 1990 | **Human genome project** officially launched | | |
- | | 1998 | Viagra (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction | + | | 1992 | **Functional |
- | | 2001 | " | + | | 1996 | **Dolly the sheep**, the first animal cloned from somatic cell | | |
- | | 2003 | Cause for progeria found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) | | + | | 1998 | **Viagra** (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction |
- | | 2003 | First idea of "gene drive" | + | | 2001 | **" |
+ | | 2003 | Cause for **progeria** found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) | | ||
+ | | 2003 | First idea of **gene drive** | A self-promoting gene or casette that spreads to offspring with extreme probability, | ||
+ | | 2003 | **Human Genome Project** officially declared successfully completed | | | ||
+ | | 2004 | **Milwaukee protocol** | Medical regimen able to rescue patients with symptomatic rabies (using pharmacologically induced coma with nutrient replacements), | ||
| 2005 | " | | 2005 | " | ||
- | | 2006 | 23andme launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https:// | + | | 2006 | **23andme** launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https:// |
- | | 2006 | Induced pluripotent cell technology discovered | By Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto; yielded Nobel Prize in 2012) | | + | | 2006 | **Induced pluripotent cell (iPSC)** |
- | | 2006 | Vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV) | | + | | 2006 | Vaccine against |
- | | 2008 | Primitive but multi-layered brain-like organoids grown from stem cells | By Yoshiki Sasai et al., RIKEN, Tokyo | | + | | 2008 | Primitive but multi-layered |
| 2011 | Price of whole-genome sequencing now at 5000 USD per genome (Illumina Inc.) | | | 2011 | Price of whole-genome sequencing now at 5000 USD per genome (Illumina Inc.) | | ||
- | | 2014 | First working fully synthetic yeast chromosome | The chromosome was artificially synthesized from computer-stored data that was previously read from the natural chromosome, with junk and transposons deleted (!!), still works normally (Jef Boeke et al., N.Y. University Langone Medical Center). DOI: 10.1126/ | + | | 2014 | First working fully **synthetic yeast chromosome** | The chromosome was artificially synthesized from computer-stored data that was previously read from the natural chromosome, with junk and transposons deleted (!!), still works normally (Jef Boeke et al., N.Y. University Langone Medical Center). DOI: 10.1126/ |
| 2014 | E. coli with two extra genetic bases (called X and Y) prepared | First case of adding new bases to DNA when the extra bases are also passed to the offspring | | | 2014 | E. coli with two extra genetic bases (called X and Y) prepared | First case of adding new bases to DNA when the extra bases are also passed to the offspring | | ||
| 2014 | Emotional content of a memory engram modified by optogenetics in mouse | Emotional content of a recent memory engram in mouse was switched by optogenetic switching of neurons in the dentate gyrus (Susumu Tonegawa et al.), possibly first step in memory-modification technology. doi: | | 2014 | Emotional content of a memory engram modified by optogenetics in mouse | Emotional content of a recent memory engram in mouse was switched by optogenetic switching of neurons in the dentate gyrus (Susumu Tonegawa et al.), possibly first step in memory-modification technology. doi: | ||
| 2015 | Price of whole-genome sequencing drops to 1500 USD per genome (from National Human Genome Research Institute) | | | 2015 | Price of whole-genome sequencing drops to 1500 USD per genome (from National Human Genome Research Institute) | | ||
- | | 2017 | Minified Cas9-like enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni used in medicine | Small enough to allow building an all-in-one adenovirus-coated capsule for CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo; first use was a test of treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. doi: | + | | 2017 | **Minified Cas9-like enzyme** from Campylobacter jejuni used in medicine | Small enough to allow building an all-in-one adenovirus-coated capsule for CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo; first use was a test of treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. doi: |
| 2017 | Mouse embryo cultivated from embryonic stem cells and developed in vitro for 7 days | This is about 1/3 of mouse pregancy period, just before the embryo implants into the mother' | | 2017 | Mouse embryo cultivated from embryonic stem cells and developed in vitro for 7 days | This is about 1/3 of mouse pregancy period, just before the embryo implants into the mother' | ||
- | | 2017 | Atlas of long non-coding RNA sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi: | + | | 2017 | Atlas of **long non-coding RNA** sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi: |
| 2017 | FDA approves first anti-cancer drug, pembrolizumab, | | 2017 | FDA approves first anti-cancer drug, pembrolizumab, | ||
project/technology_timeline/start.txt · Last modified: 2017/05/30 21:12 by maxfx