project:technology_timeline:start
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project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/28 16:58] – [Computers, information processing and machine intelligence] bluebear | project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/30 21:12] (current) – [Computers, information processing and machine intelligence] maxfx | ||
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^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ||
- | | 1957 | Fortran language invented at IBM by John Backus | Became standard for scientific and industrial computation | | + | | 1947 | **Transistor** invented (point-contant transistor) | Basis of electronics up to today (2017), https:// |
- | | 1958 | Lisp language invented | Based on lists (Lisp is an acronym for LISt Processing), | + | | 1957 | **Fortran** language invented at IBM by John Backus | Became standard for scientific and industrial computation | |
- | | 1959 | COBOL language invented | Although unwieldy, the language became a standard for banking backend software and legacy systems programmed in it are still in use (albeit in decline) in 2017 | | + | | 1958 | **Lisp** language invented | Based on lists (Lisp is an acronym for LISt Processing), |
- | | 1968 | "SHRDLU", an early English language parsing system connected to a physical simulator (playground) aka "block world", | + | | 1959 | **COBOL** language invented | Although unwieldy, the language became a standard for banking backend software and legacy systems programmed in it are still in use (albeit in decline) in 2017 | |
- | | 1969 | ARPANET started | Basis of what we now call the internet | | + | | 1968 | **SHRDLU**, an early English language parsing system connected to a physical simulator (playground) aka "block world", |
- | | 1970 | Pascal language invented by Niklaus Wirth | Meant primarily for education, Pascal was widely used for many kinds of tasks before replaced (mostly by C++), and influenced most of future languages. | | + | | 1969 | **ARPANET** started | Basis of what we now call the internet | |
- | | 1970 | Forth language invented by Charles H. Moore | Forth is interesting in that it is a stack-based language. The same technique is used in much newer virtual machines (whose assembly code is similar to Forth code), like Java VM and OpenFirmware. Original Forth compiles into very tight code, optionally without need for memory heap, and was used in small microcontrollers. | | + | | 1970 | **Pascal** language invented by Niklaus Wirth | Meant primarily for education, Pascal was widely used for many kinds of tasks before replaced (mostly by C++), and influenced most of future languages. | |
- | | 1972 | C language invented by Dennis Ritchie | A " | + | | 1970 | **Forth** language invented by Charles H. Moore | Forth is interesting in that it is a stack-based language. The same technique is used in much newer virtual machines (whose assembly code is similar to Forth code), like Java VM and OpenFirmware. Original Forth compiles into very tight code, optionally without need for memory heap, and was used in small microcontrollers. | |
- | | 1973 | First cell phone | | + | | 1972 | **C** language invented by Dennis Ritchie | A " |
- | | 1983 | C++ invented by Bjarne Stroustrup | For many years the de-facto standard for application programming, | + | | 1973 | First **cell phone** | |
+ | | 1982 | **Commodore 64** released | One of the iconic 8-bit home computers/ | ||
+ | | 1983 | **C++** language | ||
| 1984 | First test models of autonomous cars at Carnegie Mellon University' | | 1984 | First test models of autonomous cars at Carnegie Mellon University' | ||
- | | 1988 | Standard for data CD's (aka CD-ROM) produced by Sony and Phillips (aka "The Yellow Book") | In its time, CD-ROMs were the most popular storage medium for software (especially after popularization of CD writer devices) | | + | | 1985 | **Commodore Amiga** released | One of iconic 16-bit home computers, one of the first that had hardware-supported multitasking. Become very popular among musicians, yielded lots of audiovisual demos. | |
- | | 1990 | First web browser written at CERN; first HTML standard was made a year before by Tim Berners-Lee | | + | | 1988 | Standard for data CD's (aka **CD-ROM**) produced by Sony and Phillips (aka "The Yellow Book") | In its time, CD-ROMs were the most popular storage medium for software (especially after popularization of CD writer devices) | |
- | | 1991 | First public post about Linux (that time, a small hobby OS by Linus Torvalds) | | + | | 1990 | First **web browser** written at CERN; first HTML standard was made a year before by Tim Berners-Lee) | Birth of WWW | |
- | | 1991 | Python language invented by Guido van Rossum | Easy to write and understand, Python became widely used for various scripting, and very popular in science community thanks to its packages of scientific algorithms | | + | | 1991 | First public post about **Linux** (that time, a small hobby OS by Linus Torvalds) | |
- | | 1991 | TiVo service launched | The first on-demand over-the-network television system | | + | | 1991 | **Python** language invented by Guido van Rossum | Easy to write and understand, Python became widely used for various scripting, and very popular in science community thanks to its packages of scientific algorithms | |
- | | 1992 | JPEG algorithm discovered | First lossy compression algorithm for images that got massive use and is used worldwide in 2017 for photos | | + | | 1991 | **TiVo** service launched | The first on-demand over-the-network television system | |
+ | | 1992 | **JPEG** algorithm discovered | First lossy compression algorithm for images that got massive use and is used worldwide in 2017 for photos | | ||
| 1992 | Jürgen Schmidhuber proposes a solution to the vanishing gradient problem | (https:// | | 1992 | Jürgen Schmidhuber proposes a solution to the vanishing gradient problem | (https:// | ||
- | | 1993 | MP3 algorithm discovered at Fraunhofer institute | Very similarly to JPEG for images, this lossy compression algorithm for sound became de-facto standard for lower-to-medium music storage | | + | | 1993 | **MP3** algorithm discovered at Fraunhofer institute | Very similarly to JPEG for images, this lossy compression algorithm for sound became de-facto standard for lower-to-medium music storage |
- | | 1994 | Started work on specification of Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) | Started by Sony and Phillips after resolving disputes between competing formats for storage, MMCD and SD. DVDs will replace CDs soon with their much greater capacity (approx. 4G against 720M) | | + | | 1993 | **FreeBSD** born | FreeBSD is an operating system for a variety of platforms which focuses on features, speed, and stability. It is derived from BSD, the version of UNIX® developed at the University of California, Berkeley |
- | | 1995 | Java invented at Sun Microsystems by James Gosling | Java became standard for large-scale enterprise software, replacing COBOL, and for cell phone apps (first its reduced version, Java SE, modern Android phones use full-fledged Java); it started the app boom which lasts in 2017 | | + | | 1994 | Started work on specification of Digital Versatile Disc (**DVD**) | Started by Sony and Phillips after resolving disputes between competing formats for storage, MMCD and SD. DVDs will replace CDs soon with their much greater capacity (approx. 4G against 720M) | |
- | | 1995 | Javascript invented by Brendan Eich | | + | | 1995 | **Java** language |
- | | 1995 | eBay founded | First worldwide buying and selling platform | | + | | 1995 | **Javascript** invented by Brendan Eich | |
- | | 1996 | First DVD player (Toshiba SD-3000) | | + | | 1995 | **eBay** founded | First worldwide buying and selling platform | |
- | | 1997 | IBM "Deep Blue" computer defeats Gary Kasparov in chess | | + | | 1996 | First **DVD player** (Toshiba SD-3000) | |
- | | 1998 | First hardware MP3 player (Diamond Rio PMP300) | | + | | 1997 | IBM "Deep Blue" computer defeats |
- | | 2000 | C# invented in Microsoft | Microsoft' | + | | 1998 | First hardware |
- | | 2000 | First USB Flash Drive comes to market (as " | + | | 2000 | **C#** invented in Microsoft | Microsoft' |
- | | 2000 | Term "Deep Learning" | + | | 2000 | First USB **Flash Drive** comes to market (as " |
- | | 2001 | Wikipedia launched | | + | | 2000 | Term "**Deep Learning**" coined by Igor Aizenberg et al. | Formally a start of a new wave of machine learning (aka AI) applications | |
- | | 2001 | IBM POWER2 processor launched | Probably the first multicore CPU (with 2 cores), will start a trend | | + | | 2001 | **Wikipedia** launched | |
+ | | 2001 | IBM POWER2 processor launched | Probably the first **multicore CPU** (with 2 cores), will start a trend | | ||
| 2003 | WiFi 802.11g standard published (up to 54 Mbps) | | | 2003 | WiFi 802.11g standard published (up to 54 Mbps) | | ||
- | | 2003 | iTunes launched by Apple | Probably the most famous online music store | | + | | 2003 | **iTunes** launched by Apple | Probably the most famous online music store | |
- | | 2004 | Facebook launched | From multiple candidates, Facebook become almost a definition of a social network platform | | + | | 2004 | **Facebook** launched | From multiple candidates, Facebook become almost a definition of a social network platform | |
| 2005 | 5 autonomous cars finished the DARPA challenge of driving through a desert (year before, none did) | Important milestone for autonomous cars, marks start of a trend | | | 2005 | 5 autonomous cars finished the DARPA challenge of driving through a desert (year before, none did) | Important milestone for autonomous cars, marks start of a trend | | ||
- | | 2005 | YouTube launched | | + | | 2005 | **YouTube** launched | |
- | | 2005 | Google Maps launched | | + | | 2005 | **Google Maps** launched |
- | | 2008 | Github launched | Became the most popular site for sharing coding projects | | + | | 2005 | **Reddit** launched | |
- | | 2009 | Stack Exchange launched | | + | | 2007 | Apple presents the first **iPhone** | |
- | | 2009 | Wolfram Alpha started | + | | 2007 | **Netflix** (founded 1997) starts providing streaming video | |
- | | 2010 | Microsoft Kinect V1 produced (face and gesture recognition, | + | | 2008 | Apple **AppStore** launched | |
+ | | 2008 | OS **Android** launched for cell phones (HTC Dream) (but did not have significant popularity until 2010) | | ||
+ | | 2008 | **Github** launched | Became the most popular site for sharing coding projects | | ||
+ | | 2009 | **Stack Exchange** launched | | ||
+ | | 2009 | **Wolfram Alpha** launched | ||
+ | | 2009 | **Bitcoin** started | First cryptocurrency | ||
+ | | 2010 | Microsoft | ||
| 2011 | GPU-trained CNN achieves superhuman performance in a traffic sign recognition contest | | | 2011 | GPU-trained CNN achieves superhuman performance in a traffic sign recognition contest | | ||
- | | 2011 | IBM Watson AI wins Jeopardy! | The AI gained 35374 USD in comparison to human opponents (4800 USD, 10400 USD). This is important because questions in Jeopardy! are asked in natural language which the software had to analyze. | | + | | 2011 | IBM **Watson** AI wins Jeopardy! | The AI gained 35374 USD in comparison to human opponents (4800 USD, 10400 USD). This is important because questions in Jeopardy! are asked in natural language which the software had to analyze. | |
- | | 2012 | 22nm CPU die technology (Intel Ivy Bridge processors) | | + | | 2012 | **22nm** CPU die technology (Intel Ivy Bridge processors) | |
| 2012 | Google reports total of 500 000 km of test drives of their autonomous cars (on public roads but with two humans aboard) | | | 2012 | Google reports total of 500 000 km of test drives of their autonomous cars (on public roads but with two humans aboard) | | ||
| 2013 | Atlas robot unveiled by Boston Dynamic | Atlas is an agile bipedal humanoid whose gait was likened to a 1-year child walk by DARPA project manager. | | | 2013 | Atlas robot unveiled by Boston Dynamic | Atlas is an agile bipedal humanoid whose gait was likened to a 1-year child walk by DARPA project manager. | | ||
- | | 2014 | 14nm CPU die technology (Intel Core M Broadwell, soon followed by desktop CPUs) | For comparison, an antibody molecule is about 10 nm while a glucose molecule is about 1 nm; 14 nm is smaller than biological viruses (see https:// | + | | 2014 | **14nm** CPU die technology (Intel Core M Broadwell, soon followed by desktop CPUs) | For comparison, an antibody molecule is about 10 nm while a glucose molecule is about 1 nm; 14 nm is smaller than biological viruses (see https:// |
- | | 2015 | Google TensorFlow published as open source (https:// | + | | 2015 | Google |
- | | 2015 | Google Photos started by Google | Project branched from Google+. Its abilities to automatically classify images according to what they show is acclaimed by critics | | + | | 2015 | **Google Photos** started by Google | Project branched from Google+. Its abilities to automatically classify images according to what they show is acclaimed by critics | |
- | | 2015 | Tests of autonomous cars permitted on public roads in Nevada, Florida, California, Michigan, some tests also ran in Germany, Netherlands, | + | | 2015 | Tests of **autonomous cars** permitted on public roads in Nevada, Florida, California, Michigan, some tests also ran in Germany, Netherlands, |
| 2016 | Google announces its " | | 2016 | Google announces its " | ||
- | | 2016 | Google AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol in Go, receives honorary 9-dan | Go has much larger number of possible moves than chess and cannot be solved by bruteforce; even a year before, many Go masters considered Go inaccessible for computers due to crucial importance of intuition in the game | | + | | 2016 | Google AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol in **Go**, receives honorary 9-dan | Go has much larger number of possible moves than chess and cannot be solved by bruteforce; even a year before, many Go masters considered Go inaccessible for computers due to crucial importance of intuition in the game | |
- | | 2016 | AI player achieves superhuman performance in "Doom", using only visual inputs from the game | | + | | 2016 | AI player achieves superhuman performance in **Doom**, using only visual inputs from the game | |
| 2016 | Adobe announces closed beta for Adobe VoCo, software for mimicking voices (" | | 2016 | Adobe announces closed beta for Adobe VoCo, software for mimicking voices (" | ||
- | | 2017 | AI player " | + | | 2017 | AI player " |
- | | 2017 | AI player " | + | | 2017 | AI player " |
==== Genetics and medicine ==== | ==== Genetics and medicine ==== | ||
^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ||
+ | | 1924 | First **electroencephalography (EEG)** measurements on human (by Hans Berger) | | | ||
| 1953 | Double-helix DNA structure discovered by Wattson, Crick and Franklin | Beginning of modern molecular genetics | | | 1953 | Double-helix DNA structure discovered by Wattson, Crick and Franklin | Beginning of modern molecular genetics | | ||
| 1962 | First demonstration of neurogenesis in an adult mammal brain (Joseph Altman) | Up to this discovery it was believed that neurons are never newly created in adult brain | | | 1962 | First demonstration of neurogenesis in an adult mammal brain (Joseph Altman) | Up to this discovery it was believed that neurons are never newly created in adult brain | | ||
- | | 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka CAR-T), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines | | + | | 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka **CAR-T**), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines | |
- | | 1978 | In-vitro fertilization | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails | | + | | 1978 | **In-vitro fertilization** | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails | |
- | | 1985 | PCR (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis | | + | | 1985 | **PCR** (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis | |
| 1985 | fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) first applied on a human | Used to see blood flow in various parts of the brain | | | 1985 | fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) first applied on a human | Used to see blood flow in various parts of the brain | | ||
- | | 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of CAR-T antitumor therapy. | | + | | 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of **CAR-T** antitumor therapy. |
- | | 1992 | Functional | + | | 1990 | **Human genome project** officially launched | | |
- | | 1998 | Viagra (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction | + | | 1992 | **Functional |
- | | 2001 | " | + | | 1996 | **Dolly the sheep**, the first animal cloned from somatic cell | | |
- | | 2003 | Cause for progeria found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) | | + | | 1998 | **Viagra** (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction |
- | | 2003 | First idea of "gene drive" | + | | 2001 | **" |
- | | 2006 | 23andme launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https:// | + | | 2003 | Cause for **progeria** found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) | |
- | | 2015 | Price of full-genome sequencing drops to 1500 USD per genome (from National Human Genome Research Institute) | | + | | 2003 | First idea of **gene drive** | A self-promoting gene or casette that spreads to offspring with extreme probability, |
+ | | 2003 | **Human Genome Project** officially declared successfully completed | | | ||
+ | | 2004 | **Milwaukee protocol** | Medical regimen able to rescue patients with symptomatic rabies (using pharmacologically induced coma with nutrient replacements), | ||
+ | | 2005 | " | ||
+ | | 2006 | **23andme** launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https:// | ||
+ | | 2006 | **Induced pluripotent cell (iPSC)** technology discovered | By Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto; yielded Nobel Prize in 2012) | | ||
+ | | 2006 | Vaccine against **human papilloma virus (HPV)** | | ||
+ | | 2008 | Primitive but multi-layered **brain-like organoids** grown from stem cells | By Yoshiki Sasai et al., RIKEN, Tokyo | | ||
+ | | 2011 | Price of whole-genome sequencing now at 5000 USD per genome (Illumina Inc.) | | ||
+ | | 2014 | First working fully **synthetic yeast chromosome** | The chromosome was artificially synthesized from computer-stored data that was previously read from the natural chromosome, with junk and transposons deleted (!!), still works normally (Jef Boeke et al., N.Y. University Langone Medical Center). DOI: 10.1126/ | ||
+ | | 2014 | E. coli with two extra genetic bases (called X and Y) prepared | First case of adding new bases to DNA when the extra bases are also passed to the offspring | | ||
+ | | 2014 | Emotional content of a memory engram modified by optogenetics in mouse | Emotional content of a recent memory engram in mouse was switched by optogenetic switching of neurons in the dentate gyrus (Susumu Tonegawa et al.), possibly first step in memory-modification technology. doi: | ||
+ | | 2015 | Price of whole-genome sequencing drops to 1500 USD per genome (from National Human Genome Research Institute) | ||
+ | | 2017 | **Minified Cas9-like enzyme** from Campylobacter jejuni used in medicine | Small enough to allow building an all-in-one adenovirus-coated capsule for CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo; first use was a test of treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. doi: | ||
| 2017 | Mouse embryo cultivated from embryonic stem cells and developed in vitro for 7 days | This is about 1/3 of mouse pregancy period, just before the embryo implants into the mother' | | 2017 | Mouse embryo cultivated from embryonic stem cells and developed in vitro for 7 days | This is about 1/3 of mouse pregancy period, just before the embryo implants into the mother' | ||
- | | 2017 | Atlas of long non-coding RNA sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi: | + | | 2017 | Atlas of **long non-coding RNA** sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi: |
| 2017 | FDA approves first anti-cancer drug, pembrolizumab, | | 2017 | FDA approves first anti-cancer drug, pembrolizumab, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Space Technology ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^ | ||
+ | | 2012 | " | ||
+ | | 2014 | First landing of a probe on a comet (lander Cassini, orbiter Philae, comet 67P) | | ||
+ | | 2016 | Gravitational waves observed for the first time in LIGO laboratory | | ||
project/technology_timeline/start.txt · Last modified: 2017/05/30 21:12 by maxfx